Black holes

A black hole is the region in space time from which gravity does not allow anything to escape. According to the theory of general relativity a black hole represents the compact mass in the space time. According to different researches the studies revealed that a black hole is surrounded by a surface called the event horizon that indicates the point of no return. Due to its ability to absorb all the light and reflect nothing, the black hole is given the sub name “black.” According the quantum field theory, event horizons produce radiations similar to the radiations produced by the black body at a certain finite temperature. This temperature has an inverse relation with the mass of the black hole. The greater the mass of the black hole, the less will be the temperature and the smaller the mass of the black hole, the greater will be the intensity of temperature.

John Mitchell and Pierre-Simon Laplace for the first time in 18th century considered the objects with high gravity field for light to escape. A black hole was first characterized in 1916 by Karl Schwarzschild. Later on the theoretical work on black holes in 1960 showed that they were the generic prediction of the theory of general relativity. The black holes with astral mass are supposed to form when the gigantic stars at the end of their life cycle are collapsed. Once a black hole is formed it can continue to grow its size by accumulating the mass form its surroundings. Millions of solar masses may merge together to form the super massive black holes. It is said that super massive black holes exist in the center of many galaxies.

The interior of the black holes is almost unseen then question arises that how their presence is felt. The existence of the black hole can be predicted through its interaction with electromagnetic radiations such as light and with other matters that exist around in the space time. If a black hole is surrounded by the other stars, then the orbit of these stars can be used to find out the location and mass of the black hole. The simplest black hole has the property of mass but does not contain angular momentum or charge.

When a black hole is created, it possesses only three properties. These three properties include the angular momentum, charge, and mass. According to the classical mechanics the two black holes are indistinguishable from each other even if they have the same properties. From here, you can access the complexity of this gigantic object. A charged black hole has the same properties that are possessed by the charged particles. For example, two black holes with similar charges attract each other, and if they have, unlike charges they repel each other. Such simple black holes are called Schwarzschild black holes. Any object outside the black hole when falls into the black hole then disappears from the view of outsiders. Without any doubt, the mysteries of the world still have to be explored when the man has covered many milestones of success.

About the author

Passionate about writing, Muslim academy is perfect platform to get knowledge and Experience. Looking Forward for your feedback on my work.

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Two elementary-school classmates got into an arguement at school, and both insisted that they were right. During recess the teacher made them stay inside until they could work out their differences. She had each of them sit on opposite sides of her desk, and in the middle of the desk she set a ball. “What color is the ball?” she asked.

“White,” said one student.

“Black,” said the other.

They got into another arguement over what color the ball was, each thinking that the other was profoundly stupid. After a few minutes of bickering, the teacher had them trade seats.

“Oh, now I get it!” they both said. One side of the ball was black, and the other side was white. Neither one of them had seen it the same way, because they were both sitting in different places and therefore had different perspectives.

I have spoken to many people who feel that the Palestine-Israeli conflict is black and white. Just a few nights ago I had dinner with a very pleasant gentleman, and I was telling him of how I want to work with the United Nations to help bring peace to Palestine and Israel. His response was, “You probably don’t want to hear this, but I am pro-Israel.”

Being pro-Israel or pro-Palestine does not mean that you are necessarily anti-peace. Both Palestine and Israel want to live in peace and safety, and the simple fact is that because they inhabit the same land, what is best for Palestine must also be best for Israel, and vice-versa. If a move favors Israel but is harmful to Palestine, in the long run it is harmful for both. And if a move favors Palestine but is detrimental to Israel, eventually it will prove to be detrimental to Palestine as well.

Many people assume that because I am pro-Palestine, I must also be anti-Israel. That is simply not true. Yes, I have many close friends who are Palestinian. Yes, my passport was illegally confiscated and I was detained in the Tel Aviv airport for 3 hours for the crime of speaking Arabic. But at the end of the day, more than being pro-Palestine, I am pro-peace. That means being both pro-Palestine AND pro-Israel. I try to see both the black and the white sides of the ball, and I want to help others do the same.

Here is my challenge: Try to look at and understand different perspectives on the Palestine-Israeli conflict. Learn why the majority of Western Christians insist on unilateral support of Israel, why the US government was opposed to granting Palestine nonmember status in the United Nations, why Israel is so hostile to Palestinians and the rest of the Arab world, why Israel feels that it has a right to the land, and why some Palestinians have resorted to terrorism.

In order for peace to come to this troubled region, the solution must favor both Palestine and Israel, not one or the other. The questions we ask should not be, “Who is right and who is wrong? Who has the right to live here and who doesn’t?” The questions should be along the lines of, “What will it look like for Palestinians and Israelis to peacefully share the land and what will it take for that to happen?”

About the author

I grew up in conservative Christian circles in the American South, and majored in theology at an Alabama Southern Baptist college. Without really understanding why, I believed that Muslims were to be avoided at all costs, and we have to unilaterally support Israel. Like many young adults, after college I wasn't sure at all of what I wanted to do with my life, so I traveled to the Middle East for a year and a half. Most of the people I met were descendants of the Palestinian refugees forced out of their homeland in 1948, when Israel was recreated. I fell in love with Arab culture, and realized that on the world scene, Arabs have no voice. Living in the Middle East gave me fresh new eyes to read the Bible, and interacting with Arab Christians, especially Palestinian Christians who live in Jordan, caused me to question all the dogmas regarding Israel with which I had grown up.

Living in the Middle East also gave me the courage I needed to pursue my lifelong dream of being an author. My first book, A Theology of Chaos, will come out this next spring. I plan to use the profits from it to support organizations in the Middle East that are fighting for justice. I have written some short stories as well, which you can find on smashwords.com under my full name, Margaret Elysia McColley.

I now live in New York City, where emergency procedures for a potential terrorist attack are constantly updated, and where the sharp divide between Christians, Muslims, and Jews can be clearly seen on posters in the subways. My goal in life is simple: to end terrorism in my lifetime, by giving a voice to social injustices that compel terrorists to violence.

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Ministers are facing criticism after the removal of the only black and Muslim members of the Equalities and Human Rights Commission from their posts, heightening fears that the coalition will place less emphasis on fighting discrimination.

Leading commissioners Simon Woolley and Lady Meral Hussein-Ece have discovered that their contracts as commissioners will not be renewed when they expire in December. Though both were invited to reapply for further terms by Lynne Featherstone, the equalities minister, before the reshuffle, neither has been shortlisted or called for interview.

There has been no explanation, but both Woolley and Hussein-Ece have raised concerns within the commission and outside about the effect of swingeing budget cuts being imposed on the statutory body and the effect of downsizing on the minorities who work there. Woolley and Hussein-Ece, vice-chair of the all-party parliamentary group on race and community, were appointed commissioners three years ago on two-day-a-week contracts.

Woolley has championed issues such as police stop-and-search and disability. He is also director and one of the founders of the organisation Operation Black Vote.

Woolley would say only that he was disappointed, while Hussein-Ece declined to comment. But MPs joined critics in denouncing the treatment of the commissioners and calling for the decision to be reversed. "There is a credibility gap opening up between the commission and black and minority ethnic communities," said David Lammy, MP for Tottenham and chair of the parliamentary group on race and community. "Simon and Hussein-Ece represent senior mainstream campaigners who have had cross-party respect. It is unfathomable that they were not called for interview and confirms deep fears … that the commission is turning its back on race issues."

Diane Abbott, the shadow public health spokeswoman, said: "It's very worrying. Simon has a wonderful record working with all political parties and had a great reference. The fact that they wouldn't even interview him was a calculated insult. It seems to me that race is slipping off the agenda at the commission."

Lester Holloway, an executive member of the grouping Ethnic Minority Liberal Democrats – once chaired by Hussein-Ece – said they would be pursuing the matter. "A commission without Meral and Simon is like a train without a track. Looks like another nail in the EHRC's coffin from the undertakers in the coalition."

The move is also being opposed by the unions. "It is interesting that Simon Woolley has opposed the frontloading of cuts that would see many disabled and minority staff losing their jobs," said Sue Bond, vice-chair of the Public and Commercial Services Union and trades union chair at the commission.

"We have no assurance that a new board will itself have the diversity it needs to champion equality. We urge the government to think again."

Guardian, 2 November 2012

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